Hardware

This week is the first week we study after pausing for one week due to Mr.azamudein's condition. However, we came back to study again with excitement and passion as we all mess one week with doing other things. In general in this week we have learned about the components of the compute; there are five components Hardware, Software, and other minor components which are people, and Data/Information.

Usually the computer defined as a programmable machine that carries out what it has been instructed to do. There are five operations of computer Input, Output, Processing, Storage, Communication. The computer converts Data( Input ) which is a row form unprocessed items such texts, pictures, numbers,,, and so on, into a useful information (Output ). This operation is being conducted through the processing operation which requires a set of instructions that is a software or program.

Hardware:

The electrical, electronic or mechanical parts of a computer.

•Includes:

–Input devices

–Output devices

–System unit

–Storage devices

–Communication devices

Numeric systems:

There are four numerical systems Binary, Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal. Binary system consist of the most basic unit of information ( Bit ) which consists of 0/1 only and we call it as the machine language, every 0 represents off or no current and every 1 represents on. the Decimal system is our normal system that we use daily. Finally the octal system which starts from 0-7 and then the Hexadecimal which is starts from 0-15. And we have learned how to convert from system to another.

Generations of Computer.
There are five generations of computer, the first generation

•ENIAC [1945]: Designed by Mauchly & Echert, built by US army to calculate trajectories for ballistic shells during Worls War II. Around 18000 vacuum tubes and 1500 relays were used to build ENIAC, and it was programmed by manually setting switches

•UNIVAC [1950]: the first commercial computer

•John Von Neumann architecture: Goldstine and Von Neumann took the idea of ENIAC and developed concept of storing a program in the memory. Known as the Von Neumann's architecture and has been the basis for virtually every machine designed since then.

•Features:

–Electron emitting devices

–Data and programs are stored in a single read-write memory

–Memory contents are addressable by location, regardless

   of the content itself

–Machine language/Assemble language

–Sequential execution

 Second generation:

•William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invent the transistor that reduce size of computers and improve reliability. Vacuum tubes have been replaced by transistors.
                

•First operating Systems: handled one program at a time                                  

•On-off switches controlled by electronically.                                                

•High level languages (COBOL and FORTRAN)

•Floating point arithmetic 

 Third generation: 

•Microprocessor chips combines thousands of transistors, entire circuit on one computer chip           

•Semiconductor memory

•Multiple computer models with different performance characteristic

•The size of computers has been reduced drastically

 Fourth generation:

•Combines millions of transistors

•Single-chip processor and the single-board computer emerged

•Creation of the Personal Computer (PC)

Use of data communications
 Fifth Generation (now and the future)

•Based on artificial intelligence - computers can think and learn

•Primary means of input – voice and touch

•Different computers construct such as optical computers that utilizes nanotechnology, or as entire general-purpose computers

Besides that, we also learned about the computer architecture which consist of five component. That is, processor which contain control and datapath, memory, input and output. There are a few categories of computer. Such as, embedded computers, mobile devices/computers, personal computers, midrange servers, mainframes and supercomputers.

We also learned about the system unit, motherboard, processor, central processing unit (CPU), registers, main memory, volatility, Random Access Memory (RAM), and Read Only Memory (ROM). Input is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer. While, output is data that has been processed into a useful form.

Categorize of computer :

Categorize based on size, capability and price.

1.Embedded computers

2.Mobile devices/ computers

3.Personal computers

4.Mid-range servers

5.Mainframes

6.supercomputers